Balkanların İncisi Üsküp Vakıfları
Yayınevi:
Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Yayınları
Bu kitap 2015 yılında Gazi Üniversitesi’nde tamamlanmış olan Üsküp Vakıfları -Bir Sosyal Tarih İncelemesi- adlı doktora tezine dayanmaktadır. Üsküp 1392 yılında Osmanlı Devleti hâkimiyeti altına girmiştir. Beş asrı aşkın bir süre Osmanlı Devleti hâkimiyetinde kalan şehir, Balkan Savaşları’nın ardından 10 Ağustos 1913’te imzalanan Bükreş Anlaşması’yla Osmanlı topraklarından ayrılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin Üsküp’te kalıcı olmasında en önemli kurumlardan birisi vakıf olmuştur. Üsküp’teki Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin ilk döneminden, son yıllarına kadar şehirde vakıflar kurulmuştur. Bu vakıflar kimi zaman bir Osmanlı Padişahı tarafından, kimi zaman askerî sınıfa mensup kişiler tarafından kurulmuştur. Şehirde ve şehre bağlı kırsal alanda başta ibadet amaçlı cami ve mescitler olmak üzere, han, hamam, mektep, medrese, tekke, zaviye vb. birçok farklı yapılar inşa edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı döneminde Üsküp’te kurulan vakıflar incelenmiştir. Vakıflar bünyesinde, Üsküp’te, toplumun başta dini olmak üzere, iktisadi ve içtimai birçok ihtiyaçları karşılanmıştır. Vakıflar, şehre çok önemli kalıcı etkilerde bulunmuştur. Bunların en bariz örnekleri ise- Üsküp’teki en eski vakıf eseri olan Sultan II. Murad Camii olmak üzere- hala ayakta kalan vakıf eserleridir. Mimari açıdan önemli yere sahip olan bu eserler Üsküp şehrinin Osmanlı’dan günümüze intikal eden en önemli tarihi mirasıdır.
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Bu yazarın başka yayını bulunamadı.
/* Action Buttons */
.action-buttons {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 1rem;
}
.modern-action-btn {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #dc3545 0%, #c82333 100%);
color: white;
padding: 1rem 2rem;
border-radius: 12px;
text-decoration: none;
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 1rem;
text-align: center;
border: none;
transition: all 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.2);
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
gap: 0.75rem;
}
.modern-action-btn.secondary-btn {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6c757d 0%, #5a6268 100%);
box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(108, 117, 125, 0.2);
}
.modern-action-btn:hover {
transform: translateY(-2px);
box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.3);
color: white;
text-decoration: none;
}
.modern-action-btn.secondary-btn:hover {
box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(108, 117, 125, 0.3);
}
.auth-buttons {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
gap: 1rem;
}
.auth-notice .notice-card {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #17a2b8 0%, #138496 100%);
color: white;
padding: 1rem 1.5rem;
border-radius: 12px;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 0.75rem;
font-weight: 500;
box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(23, 162, 184, 0.2);
}
.notice-icon {
font-size: 1.25rem;
flex-shrink: 0;
}
/* Info Cards */
.info-card {
background: white;
border-radius: 16px;
box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
border: 1px solid #e9ecef;
overflow: hidden;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
.info-card:hover {
transform: translateY(-2px);
box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}
.info-card .card-header {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #dc3545 0%, #c82333 100%);
color: white;
padding: 1.25rem 1.5rem;
border-bottom: none;
}
/* Combined Content Styling */
.combined-content {
display: flex;
gap: 2rem;
align-items: flex-start;
}
.info-section {
flex: 0 0 40%;
min-width: 300px;
}
.description-section {
flex: 1;
background: #f8f9fa;
border-radius: 12px;
padding: 1.5rem;
border: 1px solid #e9ecef;
}
.description-title {
color: #2c3e50;
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 1rem;
margin-bottom: 1rem;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
}
.info-grid-compact {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
gap: 1rem;
}
.card-title {
margin: 0;
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 1.1rem;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 0.75rem;
}
.card-icon {
font-size: 1.25rem;
opacity: 0.9;
}
.card-content {
padding: 1.5rem;
}
.info-grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
gap: 1.5rem;
}
.info-item {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 0.5rem;
}
.info-label {
font-weight: 600;
color: #2c3e50;
font-size: 0.9rem;
text-transform: uppercase;
letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}
.info-value {
color: #6c757d;
font-size: 1rem;
}
.type-badge {
padding: 0.375rem 0.75rem;
border-radius: 20px;
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 0.8rem;
text-transform: uppercase;
letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}
.type-dijital {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #17a2b8 0%, #138496 100%);
color: white;
}
.type-ikisi {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #28a745 0%, #20c997 100%);
color: white;
}
.type-fiziksel {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6c757d 0%, #5a6268 100%);
color: white;
}
/* Description */
.description-text {
font-size: 1rem;
line-height: 1.8;
color: #495057;
text-align: justify;
}
/* Social Share */
.social-share {
text-align: center;
background: #f8f9fa;
border-radius: 16px;
padding: 1.5rem;
border: 1px solid #e9ecef;
}
.share-title {
color: #2c3e50;
font-weight: 600;
margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
font-size: 1.1rem;
}
.share-buttons {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
gap: 0.75rem;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.share-btn {
padding: 0.75rem 1rem;
border-radius: 50px;
text-decoration: none;
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 0.9rem;
transition: all 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
display: flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 0.5rem;
border: 2px solid transparent;
position: relative;
overflow: hidden;
}
.share-btn.facebook {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b5998 0%, #2d4373 100%);
color: white;
}
.share-btn.twitter {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1da1f2 0%, #0d8bd9 100%);
color: white;
}
.share-btn.whatsapp {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #25d366 0%, #20ba5a 100%);
color: white;
}
.share-btn.email {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6c757d 0%, #5a6268 100%);
color: white;
}
.share-btn:hover {
transform: translateY(-3px);
box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
color: white;
text-decoration: none;
}
/* Related Products Section */
.related-products, .author-products {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f8f9fa 0%, #e9ecef 100%);
}
.section-header {
text-align: center;
}
.section-main-title {
color: #2c3e50;
font-weight: 700;
font-size: 2rem;
margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
gap: 1rem;
}
.section-main-title .section-icon {
color: #dc3545;
font-size: 1.75rem;
}
/* Products Grid for Related */
.products-grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(280px, 1fr));
gap: 2rem;
padding: 0;
}
.products-grid .product-card {
background: white;
border-radius: 16px;
overflow: hidden;
box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
border: 1px solid #e9ecef;
transition: all 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}
.products-grid .product-card:hover {
transform: translateY(-6px) scale(1.02);
box-shadow: 0 12px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}
.products-grid .product-image {
height: 260px;
overflow: hidden;
background: #f8f9fa;
position: relative;
}
.products-grid .product-image-actions {
position: absolute;
top: 12px;
right: 12px;
z-index: 5;
opacity: 1;
}
.products-grid .btn-view-detail {
display: inline-flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
width: 40px;
height: 40px;
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
border: none;
border-radius: 50%;
font-size: 1rem;
color: white;
text-decoration: none;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
.products-grid .btn-view-detail:hover {
transform: scale(1.1);
background: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.9);
color: white;
}
.products-grid .product-image img {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
object-fit: contain;
padding: 1rem;
transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}
.products-grid .product-info {
padding: 1.25rem;
}
.products-grid .product-title {
margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}
.products-grid .product-title a {
color: #2c3e50;
text-decoration: none;
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 1rem;
line-height: 1.4;
transition: color 0.3s ease;
}
.products-grid .product-title a:hover {
color: #dc3545;
text-decoration: none;
}
.products-grid .product-author {
color: #6c757d;
font-size: 0.9rem;
margin-bottom: 1rem;
font-style: italic;
}
.products-grid .stock-status {
background: #d4841a;
color: white;
border-radius: 8px;
padding: 0.75rem 1rem;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: space-between;
margin-top: auto;
}
.products-grid .stock-status.out-of-stock {
background: #6c757d;
}
.products-grid .stock-text {
font-weight: 700;
font-size: 0.8rem;
letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}
.products-grid .stock-status .price-info {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 0.5rem;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.products-grid .current-price {
font-weight: 700;
font-size: 1.1rem;
color: #ffffff;
}
.products-grid .btn-add-cart-inline {
background: #dc3545;
color: #ffffff;
border: none;
width: 42px;
height: 42px;
border-radius: 50%;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
font-size: 1.1rem;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
margin-left: 0.5rem;
}
.products-grid .btn-add-cart-inline:hover {
background: #b02a37;
color: #ffffff;
transform: scale(1.1);
}
.products-grid .empty-state-card {
background: white;
border-radius: 16px;
border: 1px solid #e9ecef;
padding: 2rem;
text-align: center;
color: #6c757d;
grid-column: 1 / -1;
}
.products-grid .empty-state-content {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
gap: 0.75rem;
font-weight: 600;
}
.products-grid .empty-state-content i {
font-size: 2rem;
color: #dc3545;
}
/* Responsive Design */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
.product-detail-title {
font-size: 1.5rem;
}
.product-detail-subtitle {
font-size: 1rem;
}
.auth-buttons {
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
}
.info-grid {
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
}
.combined-content {
flex-direction: column;
gap: 1.5rem;
}
.info-section {
flex: none;
min-width: auto;
}
.share-buttons {
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
}
.share-btn {
width: 100%;
max-width: 200px;
justify-content: center;
}
.author-card {
flex-direction: column;
text-align: center;
}
.section-main-title {
font-size: 1.5rem;
}
.products-grid {
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(250px, 1fr));
gap: 1.5rem;
}
}
@media (max-width: 576px) {
.modern-stock-status {
flex-direction: column;
gap: 1rem;
text-align: center;
}
.current-price {
font-size: 1.75rem;
}
.products-grid {
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
gap: 1.5rem;
}
}
/* Loading and Animation States */
.product-card {
animation: fadeInUp 0.6s ease-out;
}
@keyframes fadeInUp {
from {
opacity: 0;
transform: translateY(30px);
}
to {
opacity: 1;
transform: translateY(0);
}
}
/* Legacy compatibility */
.hover-shadow {
transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
.hover-shadow:hover {
transform: translateY(-5px);
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.15) !important;
}
.main-image-container {
background: #f8f9fa;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 10px;
}
.badge-lg {
padding: 8px 15px;
font-size: 14px;
}
